Statements about the Suffrage movement

We dealt a lot with the suffragettes in the past weeks and looking at the movement from different perspectives also shaped our personal opinions. At this point, we think it makes sense to summarize our views and opinions based on the knowledge we’ve earned.

 

First statement:

I’m well aware that women suffered from discrimination solely based on their gender in many parts of the world, in some case until this day. But this part of British history (and history all over the world) is still rather hard to grasp for someone who’s born in modern times and never really experienced this kind of discrimination personally. Just like most things which happened outside of the familiar environment, the suffragettes movement remains sort of surreal.

Especially considering the length of the campaigns and all the measurements that were obviously (and sadly) necessary to gain the simple right to vote and some more recognition in the daily life.

Why was it that hard for men to give in? Was their stubborness worth all the chaos? It might be “easy” to ignore peaceful protests of the suffragists which actually seemed like the better solution but once things got violent they still didn’t change anything for years. In fact, it only got worse.

As in most revolutions, it needed World War I as a catastrophe to revise things for the female population. Historians tend to fight over the role of the war in this movement but I believe that it strongly influenced the role of women for the better during cruel times. Without the women’s hard work for their country their campaigns probably would have lasted many more years before reaching a significant goal.

No one can predict the future that’s why I’m certain that is was important to raise awareness even though some of the suffragettes acted way too extreme by placing a bomb for example and risking other people’s lives.

It’s honestly a shame that the situation had to escalate this far.

 

Second Statement:

It’s hard to believe that people used to live in a world, where women weren’t even allowed to vote, even though we also live in a society where women still aren’t 100% equal to men, and I personally think that it will take us at least another couple dozen years to get there.

I think that this kind of situation is so hard to grasp because we live in a globalized, connected and modern world, and only 100 years the world wasn’t anywhere near this point. We can’t understand it because just don’t live in a world that’s comparable with the world and all it’s cultures and societies at the very beginning of the 20th century.

We can’t comprehend what made men think that women aren’t capable of most things besides cooking, washing and raising children, and they weren’t even fully trusted with raising children as women weren’t able to have custody for their children when the man wanted it or didn’t want her to have it.

As seen in the movie “Suffragette” the main character, Maud Watts, not only had to endure immense cruelty by police forces, she also had to live with the fact that she later wasn’t allowed to see her own son, just because her husband didn’t want her to. She was seen as a disgrace for being a suffragette. For fighting for her right to vote and for her right to have a free will, to live an independent life without needing the approval of a man. All they wanted was being equal to men, not superior, as I think it was and is often misinterpreted.
I can understand why some of them started using physical violence to make their point. Just imagine talking to someone face to face and this person just doesn’t react. So you try again. And again. But this person acts like you’re not there. Eventually they get their friend to slap you in the face. And still no one is listening to you. Wouldn’t you get angry, too?

 

As you can see our opinions hardly differ, as we both have developed a certain sympathy for the women of the suffragette movement. At the beginning we both didn’t really know anything about the topic.

After dealing with it, we both agree that we appreciate our current situation as women even more, with only 100 years that have passed.

Women in World War I

The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) reached their highest number of members in 1914. The climax of female movements for equal (voting) rights in Great Britain. When the campaigns had been running for already fifty years.  Then World War I started on the 14th July of 1914 and everything changed. The members had to reduce their activities soon in order to help their country out.

But how did World War I influence their role in society and their activities in detail?

14988219069_192b426e02_o.jpg

At the outbreak of World War I, the role of women was incredibly old-fashioned as most of them had no work and were only “destined” to stay at home and care for children and household. But as soon as most men had to leave their workplace to fight at the battlefront, someone had to take their place in order to keep the economy, the state and basically also the war itself ongoing. Even during the worst times.  

At first, the government only made fun of all women offering to work in male-dominated fields but with a growing number of soldiers they could no longer ignore the urgent need.

More than a million women joined the workforce between 1914 and 1918 to fill in the gap the men had left. They worked in offices, in civil service as well as in factories, often for producing more weapons, munition, TNT or other equipment. Working in war factories was highly dangerous and the working conditions were terrible. A shift of 12 hours was not unusual.

In overall, their payment improved a little but in most cases, it was still less than a half of what men had earned in that job field before.

The NUWSS continued doing their campaigns peacefully during the whole war even though their scale was highly reduced and while being fully behind the war supports. The WSPU on the other hand basically suspended their activities completely in order to concentrate most of their energy on the war efforts. According to Emmeline Pankhurst, there was no sense in fighting for the right to vote when there might be no country left they could vote for. In contrast to the NUWSS, the leaders of the WSPU, Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst supported the war itself connected with all its brutal violence.

Still all of their hard work for their country led to some measurements after the war. For example, their work for public and industry finally gained some political recognition and the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act of 1919 made sure that women could no longer lose their job because of their gender. Anyway, many women had to leave their jobs shortly after factories went back to their normal routine.

Nevertheless, all these opportunities offered great chances to improve their image and role in society, proving once again that women are as important for a working system as men especially during difficult circumstances. But it was hard to break down the rules completely so most women were still expected to stay at home in the first place like they‘ve done before.

However, the suffragettes partly reached their goal in February 1918 when women finally gained the right to vote at the age of 30 as long as they are a member of the Local Government Register or married to a male member of it. Just one woman, Nancy Astor, was elected in the General Election November 1919 which isn’t lessing the fact that she became the first female MP of all times.

Slowly starting to give in to the requirements could be seen as a gesture of revision by the government. But not every Historian supports this point of view and many of them are debating to this day if the events in World War I truly influenced the outcome of the suffrage campaigns to such a large extent.

We believe that World War I was the final straw women needed to get their right to vote. The circumstances offered opportunities to show the world what they are capable of, leading to a slow improvement of their living conditions.

 

Sources:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z9bf9j6

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/britsuff/wwone/revision/1/

https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/history-of-war/world-war-i-and-the-suffragettes-from-pacifism-to-oppourtunity/

http://socialistreview.org.uk/395/suffragette-who-opposed-world-war-one

https://wuhstry.wordpress.com/2014/04/22/womens-suffrage-and-the-first-world-war/

 

Picture Sources:

www.flickr.com/photos/mike_miley/14988219069

 

Suffragettes vs. Suffragists – A comparison

The British suffrage movement was splitted into two parts – the suffragists and suffragettes. Even though their names sound quite similar they are not the same. But what’s the difference between these groups in detail?

http-::www.bbc.co.uk:bitesize:higher:history:britsuff:suffrage:revision:1:
Suffragists

Suffragists

The suffrage movement started in the mid nineteenth century as a cause of a failed amendment in 1867.

In 1866, Women had started a petition with about 1500 signatures to grant women the same voting rights as men. The supporting MPs Henry Fawcett and John Stuart Mill presented the request to the parliament but lost with 196 votes to 73 votes. The women who started to protest from now on, became known to the public as suffragists.

The first group, the London Society for Women’s Suffrage formed shortly after the defeat. Many more groups followed soon and in 1897, 17 of these groups founded the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) under the leadership of Millicent Fawcett, the wife of MP Henry Fawcett.

Suffragists tried to achieve their goals by using peaceful methods of protest. Following the argumentation of suffragettes groups later on, they eventually failed because of that since they were hardly making a change through their activities.

They refused violence since they thought it would make them appear as unintelligent beasts who don’t even have the ability or respect to vote what’s best for their country. In conclusion, they believed in education and a placid way of discussion. Especially their leader Millicent Fawcett strongly supported these methods including petitions, marches and lobbying. As the suffragettes started getting more and more out of control, she complained that they were “damaging their cause”.

Most of the NUWSS members were upper or middle class women, about 54,000 in total by 1914. Therefore, they remained the most powerful organisation in number until the end.

Emmeline_Pankhurst_Arrested_1914.jpg
Emmeline Pankhurst being arrested

Suffragettes

Suffragettes formed for the first time in 1903 when Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) together with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia.

They divided from the peaceful methods of the suffragists as a cause of frustration and growing anger towards the government. They received their name from the influential newspaper “The Daily Mail” under the motto “Deeds Not Words”, which is already a contrast to the suffragists in itself. Most of their members were working-class women, ready to fight for their rights at all cost. Apparently, the suffix “ette” was used to belittle them as well as showing that their methods were less worth than the ones of the suffragists. Anyway, the suffragettes were wearing this name with pride.

They were not afraid to take violent actions for example vandalism (smashing windows etc.) as a means to an end. They were hoping to raise more awareness that way and wanted to force the parliament to give in to their requirements.

From 1912 on, their methodes got more extreme, attacking MPs houses and placing a bomb in the new house of prime minister David Lloyd George. Emily Davison even reached the rank of a martyr by stepping in front of the King’s horse and later dying from her injuries. Although, her exact motives will forever stay unknown, she was perfectly used by the suffragettes as an additional means. Her death got recognised and discussed all over the world.

Even hunger strike was a common method when members were imprisoned leading to brutal force feeding. They got released once they got too weak so that they could get imprisoned again after gaining some new energy due to the so-called Cat and Mouse Act from 1913.

The WSPU splitted in 1907, every group was fighting alone from now on even though their goals remained the same and they occasionally worked together.  

 

In the end, it’s not simple to say which of these groups lead to women’s voting rights in the first place. The image of women mainly changed due to their role in World War I and less through their protest activities even though mostly suffragettes raised awareness for their lack of rights. The war was like a demonstration for men that women are able to take responsibility for various tasks and therefore hold their own important role in society.

 

We can understand both sides of the suffrage movement quite well. Although it’s rather difficult for us to fully comprehend the frustration and anger the suffragettes must have felt. In addition, some methods may seem pretty extreme to us nowadays but they’re still understandable considering the fact that the suffragists hardly made a change with their peaceful protest even though it appears as the better solution.

 

Sources:

www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/britsuff/suffrage/revision/1/

www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragists-and-suffragettes

/www.bbc.com/news/world-42879161

herstoria.com/suffragists-and-suffragettes-an-overview-of-the-votes-for-women-campaign/

www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/06/1910s-suffragettes-suffragists-fern-riddell

Picture Sources:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/britsuff/suffrage/revision/1/

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst_Arrested_1914.jpg

Timeline

In order to give you a better overview of the most important events in suffrage history, we’ve put together this timeline ranging from 1832 to 1969.

We hope that it will give you a better understanding of the happenings.

 

1910_campaign

 

August 1832

  • The first petition for women’s suffrage is presented to the Parliament by Mary Smith

1832

  • Due to the Great Reform Act, women are still excluded from voting.

1866

  • The first mass petition for women’s suffrage with more than 1500 signatures is presented to the House of Commons by John Stuart Mill. The petition wasn’t accepted. This started the first suffrage societies in Edinburgh, Manchester and London.

January 1867

  • The Manchester National Society for Women’s Suffrage (MNSWS) gets formed.

May 1867

  • John Stuart Mill tries to make a change in the Second Reform Bill, which would have lead to women’s suffrage. He wasn’t successful. 

15th April 1868

  • The MNSWS helds their first public meeting at the Manchester Free Trade Hall.

Dezember 1870

  • Married women are allowed to have their own property and money. (The Married Women’s Property Act)

1881

  • Women on the Isle of Man are allowed to vote.

1884

  • An amendment to the Third Reform Bill, to include women in the vote, is rejected.

1894

  • Women who own property are allowed to vote in elections for county and borough councils. (Local Government Act)

1897

  • The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) is formed.

1902

  • Another petition with 37000 signatures is presented to the Parliament by textile workers.

1903

1905

  • The slogans “Deeds, not words” and “Votes for women” are established.

1906

  • The term “suffragette” is established.

7th February 1907

  • Mud March – Over 3000 women marched from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall in rain and mud.

8th March 1907

  • 76 suffragettes are arrested for trying to storm the House of Parliament.

August 1907

  • The Women’s Freedom League is formed. About 20% of members of WSPU left the WSPU for joining it.

1908

  • Suffragettes tried to get the attention of the then Prime Minister Herbert Asquith by vandalizing (Throwing stones).

1909

  • Imprisoned suffragettes begin to hunger strike. The first one was Marion Wallace Dunlop.  

18th November 1910

  • Black Friday → Suffragette demonstration with 300 members of the WSPU. Many women were injured and/or sexually abused by police.

1912

  • The Parliamentary Franchise gets defeated by 14 (222 to 208) votes, causing massive vandalizing.

1913

  • Cat and Mouse Act → Hunger striking women are released from prison and than rearrested to prevent them from dying in prison.

4th June 1913

  • Emily Davison commits suicide by jumping in front of the King’s horse. She becomes a  martyr even though her exact motives stay unknown.

1914

  • The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) reaches 50,000 members while the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) climbs up to 5000 members.

28th July 1914

  • Beginning of World War I → The activities of members highly reduce during that time in order to help their country and its people out. The women take responsibility for various important tasks, some of them were only done by men before.

4th August 1914

  • Suffrage prisoners get released as a consequence of the war declaration.  

December 1916

February 1918

  • Due to the change of the women’s role of in World War I, they gain the right to vote at the age of 30. They have to be a member of the Local Government Register or at least being married to a member of it.

11th November 1918

  • End of World War I

November 1919

  • Nancy Astor becomes the first female MP in the House of Commons.

14th of June 1928   

July 1928

  • Women gain the right to vote at the age of 21. This means they finally have the same voting rights as men.

May 1929

  • Women over 21 can use their right to vote for the first time.

1969

  • From now on, women at the age of 18 are already allowed to vote on their own.

 

We know that this timeline isn’t complete and that there were many many more events linked to this topic, but we hope that we narrowed it down to the most important of them.

 

Sources:

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/suffragette/suffragette_timeline/

https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/womens-suffrage-timeline

http://www.working-class-women-writing.co.uk/the-suffragettes—black-friday-1910.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/britsuff/suffrage/revision/1/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pankhurst_emmeline.shtml

http://assets.parliament.uk/education/houses-of-history/main.html?theme=women_and_the_vote#

http://www.thesuffragettes.org/history/key-events/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1910_campaign.jpg

 

Picture Sources:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Women%27s_Suffrage_Society#/media/File:1910_campaign.jpg

Key figures of the suffrage movement

100 years ago, women in Great Britain gained the right to vote at the age of 30. Those women who fought for their rights at all cost were called “suffragettes”.

We would like to introduce some key figures of the hard path to success:

 

Emily Davison  

Emily_Davison_portrait

Emily Wilding Davison was born on the 11th of October 1872 in Blackheath, London. She was born into a wealthy family and has perceived a good education, and after studying literature, she started working as a teacher and governess.

In 1906 Emily joined the Women’s Social and Political Union. She was first arrested in 1909, accused for trouble-making and arsoning. These actions caused a lot of resistance from the state, who wanted to make sure that women’s suffrage was unrealistic and infeasible. The resistance included forced feeding the imprisoned women and even floating their prison cells, almost leading to Emily Davison’s death.

These actions caused even more radical reactions from the women’s side.

Emily_davison_killed_1913

On the 4th of june 1913 Emily Davison committed suicide, making her the first martyr of the women’s rights movement. (See a video here: HERE)

She had thrown herself in front of King George V’s horse, as she knew that all eyes and cameras will be focused on them. It’s discussed whether or not she actually wanted to commit suicide. She died 4 days after the incident in the epson cottage hospital due to her severe internal injuries and skull fractures.

This event ensured that the women’s right movement was again mentioned in papers all over the world.

 

Emmeline Pankhurst

1024px-Emmeline_Pankhurst2

Emmeline Pankhurst (born as Emmeline Goulden, 5 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was an activist from a young age and the leader of the suffragette movement in Great Britain.

At the age of 20, she married a lawyer and well-known supporter of women rights named Richard Pankhurst. They were a happy couple despite the age gap of 24 years and had 5 children together in 10 years. Christabel Pankhurst was her first daughter and became her supporter in the movement later on. Her husband already died in 1898 and Emmeline grieved sincerely.

She became known as a founder of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in October 1903, a party which formed out of growing frustration about the lacking women rights. Their tactics differed from the peaceful methods of other feminist groups, mainly because they didn’t fear to use violence under the motto: “Deeds not words.”  Their members were the first ones to become known as “Suffragettes”, named by the influential newspaper “The Daily Mail”.

Like the majority of suffragettes, Emmeline was arrested several times. She also went on hunger strike, leading to force-feeding. In 1911, suffragettes also started to attack “money, property and pleasure”, private property of their opponents under Emmeline Pankhurst’s leadership. She has never been afraid to take the responsibility for suffragettes’ actions in the public.

But when Word War I started, she spent more time and energy with supporting the country  like many other women did. Their role in society changed a lot during that time. They finally got the equal right to vote at the age of 21 shortly before her death in June 1928 at the age of 70.   

 

Christabel Pankhurst

Christabel_Pankhurst,_c.1905-1910._(22917558136)

Christabel Harriette Pankhurst was born on the 22nd of september 1880 in Manchester. She died on the 13th of february 1958 in Los Angeles. She was a lawyer, reformer and preacher, and played a major role in the women’s rights movement in Britain. She received a good education, eventhough her parents weren’t wealthy.

She is the daughter of the suffrage Emmeline Pankhurst (Founder of the women’s social and political union) and the lawyer Richard Pankhurst. She’s the oldest of five children.

Even though she studied laws at Victoria University and finished with honors, she wasn’t allowed to actually practice law because she’s a women.

She was first arrested in 1905 outside of a Liberal Party meeting. She later joined her mother in the WSPU, where she became an important member.

Not wanting to be arrested again, she choose to live in Paris from 1912 to 1913.

She tried running for Parliament in 1918. She moved to the USA in 1940.

 

David Lloyd George

David_Lloyd_George

David Lloyd George (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British politician and prime minister of Great Britain from 1916 to 1922.  

He acted rather radical and was a lifelong Welsh nationalist after being raised there from a young age. He started studying laws in 1879 and married a woman called Margaret Owen in 1888. His influential political career in the liberal party began in 1890.

Despite most of his colleagues, he never appeared to be an opponent of the women’s desire to vote but he also never appeared to be an active supporter what made him a target of the suffragettes.

On 20 February 1913, the suffragettes placed a bomb inside the house which was being built for him and caused a damage of about £500.  

According to an interview of Christabel Pankhurst, the daughter of the suffragettes’ leader Emmeline Pankhurst, regarding the bomb in his house, he always ended up “betraying them.” This mainly referred to failed attempts of Lloyd George to ease the situation between the government and the suffrage movement. A majority believed that his failure was usually based on insecurity and lacking determination on his part.

Nevertheless, women gained the right to vote at the age of 30 in 1918 at Lloyd George’s period of office as prime minister. Their role hugely changed during World War I.  

In 1944, he become Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and died one year later at the age of 82 at Ty Newydd, Llanystumdwy, Wales.

That’s just a small group of people involved. You also might be interested in the following  group of people:

Sophia Duleep Singh

Dora Thewlis

Maud Arncliffe Sennett

Kitty Marion

Keir Hardie

Mary Humphry Ward

 

We’ve chosen these four because we thought that their role was essential for the process of the Suffrage movement. As for David Lloyd George, we’ve chose him because he was the Prime Minister when women gained their right to vote, and we also wanted to include a political point of view.

 

Sources: 

http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/emily-davison/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/britsuff/suffrage/revision/1/

http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/emmeline-pankhurst/

https://history.blog.gov.uk/2013/07/04/mrs-pankhurst-lloyd-george-suffragette-militancy/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/george_david_lloyd.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pankhurst_emmeline.shtml

https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-david-lloyd-george.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/christabel-pankhurst-suffrage-movement-3529915

https://geboren.am/person/christabel-pankhurst

 

Picture Sources:

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emily_Davison_portrait.jpg

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Davison#/media/File:Emily_davison_killed_1913.jpg

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst#/media/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst2.jpg

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel_Pankhurst_c.1905-1910. (22917558136).jpg

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George#/media/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg